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Thermoelectric materials
Thermoelectric materials show the thermoelectric effect in a strong or convenient form.
The ''thermoelectric effect'' refers to phenomena by which either a temperature difference creates an electric potential or an electric potential creates a temperature difference. These phenomena are known more specifically as the Seebeck effect (converting temperature to current), Peltier effect (converting current to temperature), and Thomson effect (conductor heating/cooling). While all materials have a nonzero thermoelectric effect, in most materials it is too small to be useful. However, low-cost materials that have a sufficiently strong thermoelectric effect (and other required properties) could be used in applications including power generation and refrigeration. A commonly used thermoelectric material in such applications is bismuth telluride ().
Thermoelectric materials are used in thermoelectric systems for cooling or heating in niche applications,〔(Saving Energy and Reducing CO2 Emissions with Electricity ), Clark W. Gellings, page 176. ISBN 0-88173-6678〕 and are being studied as a way to regenerate electricity from waste heat at electric power plants.〔(Weak electron–phonon coupling contributing to high thermoelectric performance in n-type PbSe ) Study on thermoelectric coupling, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Jun 19, 2012; 109(25) (National Center for Biotechnology Information website)〕
==Materials selection criteria==
The usefulness of a material in thermoelectric systems is determined by several factors: The power factor, device efficiency. These are determined by the material's electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and behavior under changing temperatures.
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